Scientology is an organization that collects and disseminates all the beliefs and practices devised by L. Ron Hubbard in 1954 based on the existing system of self-help known as Dianetics.
Hubbard gave different definitions of time in Scientology (religious philosophy, organized body of knowledge, the official websites of talk about Scientology applied religious philosophy.
The status of scientology is a matter of debate: whether tertiary sources characterize as a religious association philosophy or religion or religious movement, others call it a cult. CESNUR the status as a religion and includes among the movements of human potential.
From the point of view giuridico il riconoscimento dello status di "religione" è accordato a Scientology solo in alcuni Stati (per esempio Stati Uniti e Australia); in Europa, nella maggioranza degli stati, non gode dello status di religione riconosciuta.
Secondo fonti interne, al 2005 conterebbe otto milioni di praticanti[9], benché fonti esterne riducano la cifra a circa cinquecentomila.
Il quartier generale di Scientology si trova nella cittadina statunitense di Clearwater. A gestire i marchi d'impresa è il Religious Technology Center (RTC), ente no-profit.
Dopo la morte di Hubbard nel 1986, il movimento è guidato da David Miscavige, presidente del Consiglio d'Amministrazione del Religious Technology Center (RTC).
Sul sito ufficiale si legge che la parola Scientology deriva dal latino "scio" che, si legge sul sito, significa "conoscere nel senso più completo del termine" e dal vocabolo greco "logos" ovvero "studio di".
Storia
La storia di Scientology è strettamente legata a quella del suo fondatore L. Ron Hubbard che, sin dagli anni trenta, è stato uno scrittore di fantascienza ed altri generi letterari (western, avventure, romanzi sentimentali, fantasy, letteratura gialla). Dopo una vita avventurosa e movimentata ma, secondo i documenti presentati in un caso legale americano, anche molto colorita di episodi frutto soltanto di una fervid imagination (Judge Breckenridge of the Supreme Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles judge in Case No. C420153, 16 October 1984, Hubbard said: "The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar in relation its history, its past and its companies),
Hubbard earned great success in 1950 by publishing the book Dianetics (Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health), which describes a method or discipline that is defined by its supporters "a system for analysis, control and development of human thought, which also provides techniques to get more capacity, rationality and freedom from the discovery of a single source of aberrations that are the cause of psychosomatic illness. "
Representatives of the psychiatric and scientific community (but also others, such as the writer Isaac Asimov) harshly criticized Hubbard's theories and their lack of science. Nevertheless, Dianetics was a great editorial success, and now counts more than twenty million copies venduteè. The publication of the book and its great popular success led to the founding of institutions known as "Hubbard Dianetics Research Foundations" in some U.S. cities, causing great enthusiasm initially and later .
However, in just over a year, the hype deflated, leaving Hubbard and its foundations in debt and a series of practical problems to be addressed:
the growing domestic criticism that complained about the total lack of scientific method in practice of what was to be a "science of the mind", the unification of the mystical and metaphysical concepts, attitudes Hubbard's growing authoritarianism. A survey of the Medical Association of New Jersey Foundation Dianetic the city of Elizabeth, accused of illegally teaching of medicine. The temporary loss of Hubbard rights on its foundations in favor of Don Purcell, who had saved him from debt.
was at that time that Hubbard published his speculations on the spiritual nature of man, independent of the body and mind: being would use the spiritual mind and body to act in the physical universe around him. Hubbard then temporarily taken their distance from Dianetics, now in the hands of Purcell, and in 1952 founded the Hubbard Association of Scientologists, who gave birth in 1954 the Church of Scientology. Meanwhile he had come in possession of the rights to Dianetics, an entity which is still an integral part of Scientology and is by many as a "front group" to convey the ranks of the Church of Scientology, people with interpersonal problems or low self-esteem that never would think to entrust their problems to a church or religion.
During the '60s, Hubbard was considered persona non grata in Britain in 1978 convicted in absentia by a French court for fraud four years in prison, after it had already been expelled from Greece and rejected by Rhodesia.
In 1967, following the growing problems that he and his organization were involved in testing in England and not flattering to local media reports, Hubbard founded the "Sea Organization (Sea Org) and together with a group of loyalists took the sea on board two ships and a yacht purchased for that purpose, self-proclaimed Commodore of his small private fleet.
spent the next eight years cruising in the Mediterranean and off the coasts of North African and Portuguese. The behavior is not always clear of his followers, often the "shore story" (Made-up stories of pure fantasy) used with the various port authorities about their presence and purpose, the fact that the captains of his fleet were not always up to the tasks of government vessels meant that the group was a regular at the center of vibrant and sometimes controversial protests of local people, and in certain circumstances, the fleet had to hurriedly leave the port was ordered to sail or the anchor. One of the declared aims of his presence in the Mediterranean was to conduct archaeological expeditions to test his theories about his alleged past lives. The record of these shipments was published by Hubbard himself with the title Mission Into Time. Among the accusations leveled at members of the organization vi erano anche quelle di spionaggio, e proprio di spionaggio (e cospirazione) si resero colpevoli nei confronti del governo americano dodici alti funzionari dell'organizzazione, tra cui la stessa moglie di Hubbard. La vicenda esplose nel 1977e vide i congiurati finire condannati dal governo degli Stati Uniti, e Hubbard citato come co-cospiratore non imputato.
Formalmente la Chiesa di Scientology censurò il comportamento di quei membri resisi colpevoli. Si trattava dell'Ufficio del Guardiano (Guardian's Office), altrimenti noto come GO. Era stato istituito nel 1966 per curare gli affari legali ed esterni della Chiesa. Oggi non esiste più, essendo stato smantellato agli inizi degli anni ottanta dall'attuale amministrazione della Chiesa e sostituito con l'Ufficio degli Affari Speciali, o OSA.
Secondo i seguaci e la dirigenza del movimento, "nel GO si erano infiltrate persone esterne ed esso aveva fallito la sua missione di proteggere la Chiesa". Le condanne inflitte per azioni antigovernative colpirono però i vertici stessi del GO, tra cui la stessa moglie e braccio destro di Hubbard. Il GO era stato costituito come unità indipendente che rispondeva unicamente a Mary Sue Hubbard, nominata "Controllore a vita" delle sue attività proprio dal marito e fondatore L. Ron Hubbard (Organization Executive Course, vol. 7, p. 503). Secondo le testimonianze di diversi fuoriusciti di alto livello che all'epoca lavoravano ai vertici della Chiesa, Mary Sue Hubbard, massimo dirigente del Guardian's Office and its controller, obey and be accountable for his actions and decisions solely to the husband.
The unlawful activities of the GO were discovered through the complaint and the testimony of his running, the Meisner, caught in a suspicious attitude of the government building where classified documents removed from time. At the time it was issued, but an investigation had started. After several weeks of inaction, according to his words protected by the church itself, Meisner was constituted authorities and cooperate with them for that investigation would have led first to the federal raids on Scientology offices in Washington DC and Los Angeles and the seizure of thousands and thousands of internal documents, and then the trial and conviction of leaders of the GO.
Where the illegal activities of the GO became public knowledge, the leadership of Scientology, said she used to dismantle it and have told its leaders corrupt and deviant. Currently the charges once covered by the Guardian's Office are attributable to the Office of Special Affairs, OSA. One of the steps taken by Scientology to prevent anything like the GO could be repeated in the future, was the establishment of the Religious Technology Center (RTC), chaired by David Miscavige, a facility that has since the aim of keeping religion pure and consistent to the teachings of its founder.
Some outside observers, who were aware of eventi culminati nello smantellamento del GO, hanno spesso rimarcato i modi decisi e la determinazione con cui l'intera situazione è stata affrontata. Quindi la Chiesa ha riallacciato le sue relazioni con il governo degli Stati Uniti e ottenuto dall'Internal Revenue Service (l'ufficio del fisco statunitense) il pieno status di associazione esentasse, operante esclusivamente a fini umanitari e religiosi.
Probabilmente a causa del clamore suscitato dal processo e forse nel timore di essere messo personalmente sotto inchiesta, nel 1982 Hubbard si ritirò dalla scena ed entrò in esilio volontario in una località segreta. Solo al momento della morte, nel gennaio del 1986, si saprà che luogo prescelto per quell'esilio era un lussuoso ranch in California, where in those years had been cared for by a Scientologist married couple, Pat and Ann Broeker.
Despite Pat Broeker was considered the legitimate heir to the leadership of the movement, the founder's death command passed as a surprise, and not without internal controversy, in the hands of the leader, David Miscavige. Miscavige was a member of the group of "Commodore's Messengers," the most powerful faction within the church he had entered very young age, accompanying their parents and not even have finished high school, he said, was just a waste of time. The group led by Miscavige made a clean sweep of its domestic opponents, and then firmly maintains the lead with the task of maintaining the orthodoxy of the writings and practices, without replacing the role of founder Hubbard's religion.
in 1994 newsgroup alt.religion.scientology on the Internet began in the spread of the secret writings of Scientology, those who constitute its "advanced levels of knowledge." The Church did not like and gave rise to a whole series of legal battles to protect its intellectual property from unauthorized distribution, in some cases seeing their recognized rights violated copyright. What caused quite a stir and even more controversy, triggering a fiery debate that saw the libertarians of the Network was involved in that period, and following the overreaction Scientology, which between them grew a real interest in the movement and its methods, and started popping up and many sites critical of the complaint. Since then, and despite the legal action, the contents of the secret levels of Scientology, however, became public knowledge and discussion.
In 1995 the death of Lisa McPherson, which occurred after seventeen days of stay in the "Mecca of Scientology in Clearwater, Florida, created the movement a bad publicity. The girl, a Scientologist who had just reached the state of "Clear", that is free from aberrations and irrational behavior, he had a minor car accident following which she left the car and era spogliata nuda in mezzo al traffico cittadino.
Ricoverata nel reparto psichiatrico per accertamenti, contro il parere medico aveva chiesto di essere dimessa (gli scientologist mantengono un atteggiamento ostile nei confronti della psichiatria e delle sue pratiche) e si era affidata alle cure dei compagni scientologist al Fort Harrison Hotel, dove poi troverà la morte. Il rapporto del medico legale riferì di segni di disidratazione, costrizione fisica e forte deperimento.
La Chiesa di Scientology negò ogni sua implicazione e contestò tenacemente la versione offerta dal medico legale, dando origine a un caso giudiziario tra l'organizzazione, la procura e la famiglia della ragazza. Un cambiamento nella perizia medico-legale, grazie the information given by the Church, led the prosecution to withdraw the proceedings.
Since its founding Scientology has been the subject of much controversy, litigation and legal proceedings which give the impression of diffidence and visible figure of the problems created by the organization and its followers, or, in view of Hubbard, the enormous Scientology conspiracy mounted against him from his enemies. According to the Church of the conflict dates back to 1950 period when, he said, "psychiatry had close ties with the American counter-intelligence services and prospered thanks to the generous funding of the State." In May of that year Ron Hubbard published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (renamed poi in Italia alla fine degli anni ottanta Dianetics: La forza del pensiero sul corpo) in cui, tra l'altro, etichettava come pericolosi gli ultimi ritrovati della farmacologia psichiatrica e disumani i trattamenti a base di elettroshock e lobotomia.
Il volume si presentava come un facile manuale di psicoterapia "fai da te" e venne immediatamente stigmatizzato dalla comunità medica, la quale sottolineò che non esisteva alcun riscontro scientifico alle affermazioni "scientifiche" dell'autore, e sottolineava i potenziali pericoli dello sperimentare pratiche psicoterapiche senza alcuna preparazione specifica se non, appunto, quel confuso manuale.
Le forti critiche di merito avanzate dall'American Medical Association (AMA), dalla American Psychological Association (APA) e dalla American Psychiatric Association (APA) fecero ritenere ad Hubbard di essere in presenza di un "complotto psichiatrico" teso a minare le sue scoperte, che a suo dire rappresentavano un valido sostituto, se non l'unico, alle pratiche di salute mentale fino ad allora utilizzate.
Nel 1993, non senza suscitare vibranti proteste e controversie, l'Internal Revenue Service (IRS), ufficio delle tasse americano, riconobbe piena esenzione fiscale alla Chiesa di Scientology e alle organizzazioni ad essa affiliate, riconoscendone il carattere religioso.
Secondo GR24, la testata giornalistica di Radio 24, l'attore Tom Cruise sarebbe la nuova guida spirituale di Scientology January 23, 2007.
doctrine
Basically, Scientology claims that the real potential of the human being (seen as an immortal spiritual being, continuously, after every death is forced to take possession of a new body) would be much higher those who usually use, and would include the power to cure diseases with the power of thought (because 90% of them would just be psychosomatic), the conscious control of every part of the body and may leave the physical body to wander space in disembodied form.
Humans would not normally have access to these capacities because of crimes committed (gli atti overt) o di traumi fisici e mentali subiti sia nella vita attuale che in quelle precedenti; questi andrebbero ad immagazzinarsi in una parte della mente denominata "mente reattiva", una raccolta di ricordi, sotto il livello di consapevolezza di una persona, che influenza negativamente la sua "mente cosciente". Questa "mente reattiva" in situazioni di dolore, incoscienza o forti stress negativi, memorizzerebbe la sensazione provata insieme ad una rappresentazione totalmente dettagliata del luogo e della situazione in cui si trova, creando un tipo di ricordo inconscio chiamato engram.
L'engram resterebbe intatto e latente nella "mente reattiva" attraverso tutte le reincarnazioni, finché non si presenta una situazione (o non ci si reca in un luogo) i cui contenuti siano simili a quelli fissati nell'engram: allora l'engram verrebbe ristimolato nella mente reattiva e darebbe luogo a una serie di patologie o di complessi psicologici. Scientology definisce "Clear" l'essere umano libero dai suoi traumi (privo di engram) e cosciente della sua "mente reattiva" e di tutte le sue reali capacità.
In effetti, mancando a Scientology una teologia e un concetto di dio definito, e non richiedendo di aver fede in esso, secondo alcuni non potrebbe essere definita a rigor di termini una religione, bensì un culto o un sistema di auto miglioramento.
Il cammino verso lo stato di "Clear" ("ripulito", in italiano), che significa privo di "mente reattiva", passes between each other through different courses and levels of "auditing," a technical one-to-one relationship between a practitioner (called auditors) that asks questions and a "patient" (preclear said) trying in his mind and gives answers. These levels of auditing, called "Degrees", like all Scientology courses and services are extra. Support is sold in packages of 12 and a half hours, with prices in 1998 amounted to at least 125 billion to 3 million and a half pounds depending on the level of the auditor, if you have a partner who does the same studies You can "audit" each other (in this case free). It is not known how many of these packages are necessary to achieve the "Clear", but certainly not a number content.
After obtaining the "state of Clear," it is presumed that the individual can further rise by 8 other spiritual levels called OT (Operating Thetan in Italian) from OT I to OT VIII.
Scientology refuses to divulge the content of such advanced levels because L. Ron Hubbard said that anyone who had come to know without the proper preparation was in danger of dying, as he himself would have risked their lives during the research that led to his alleged discoveries (Ref Ron's Journal, 67). However, some of those contents were released by former members who left the organization, and have been around since the seventies, with a particular distribution on the Internet in recent times. This material has been the subject of various speculations.
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