Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative disorders affecting many animal species and man, characterized by the accumulation of PrPSc in the central nervous system (sc = scrapie) , abnormal isoform of a protein normally found in the body PrPC (c = phone). The 'feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) belongs to the TSE and was first identified in cats although it was also observed in other species of wild felines in captivity such as the puma, ocelot, cheetah and tiger.
As with all human and animal TSE il periodo di incubazione è lungo e il decorso è progressivo e fatale.
L’agente causale, comunemente definito “prione” si distingue da altri agenti eziologici per la notevole stabilità fisico-chimica e per la capacità di non indurre alcuna risposta immunitaria e infiammatoria nell’ospite. L’agente eziologico della FSE è plausibilmente il medesimo riscontrato nell’Encefalopatia Spongiforme Bovina (BSE): infatti sperimentalmente si è visto che inoculando per via intracerebrale e intraperitoneale i topi con materiale cerebrale affetto da FSE, questi sviluppavano sintomi nervosi e presentavano profilo istolesivo e glicotipo analoghi ai topi inoculati con l’agente della BSE.
The first case of FSE has been reported in England in 1990 and since then 90 cases have been recorded in Britain, one in Ireland, 1 in Norway, 1 in 2 in Switzerland and Liechtenstein all attributable to the consumption of foods containing slaughterhouse waste of ruminants infected with BSE.
The ESF is found predominantly in male cats, belonging to the common European race and the average age at the onset of symptoms is about 7 years.
In all cases described in the ESF develops gradually and clinical symptoms are felt over a period ranging from 3-5 months over this period typically observed in the animals were euthanized.
Symptoms nervous in the first phase is characterized by abnormal behavior and the animal suddenly becomes aggressive. It is often observed salivation, polyphagia, polydipsia and the subject responds poorly to stimuli and tends to hide. It may have ruffled the hair and dirty little care and a strong grooming. Then you experience the muscle tremors, mydriasis grinding of teeth, difficulty in walking, ataxia of the limbs back, the ipermetria el'iperestesia. Biochemical changes are observed not directly related to the clinical picture and changes in cerebrospinal fluid.
As a condition to the ESF and the progressive nature of type multifocal The differential diagnosis must be placed with other disorder of the central nervous system of inflammatory, toxic, metabolic, such as FIP, FeLV, FIV, toxoplasmosis, hepatic encephalopathy. Should always be included among differential diagnoses of rabies in the clinical course is shorter than the ESF with exitus within one week after onset of symptoms. The diagnosis of ESF can only be performed post-mortem. Routine histological examination are performed both on the CNS to assess the presence of spongiosis or vacuolation of both the immunohistochemistry and Western Blot test to highlight the PrPsc lodged in the brain.
For diagnostic purposes can also be used both microscopy electronics that can detect PrPsc deposited in the form of SAF (Scrapie Associated Fibrils) and the biological test in mouse.
Histological examination reveals the presence of CNS spongiosis throughout the neuraxis although with different intensity from zone to zone, the medial geniculate body of the thalamus, the striatum and medulla oblongata are the parties most concerned. Sometimes affected the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex.
In the brainstem neuronal vacuolation may involve the body, particularly in the raphe, the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, the vestibular nuclei of the medulla oblongata and in the red nucleus of the midbrain.
At the level of the cerebellar cortex can be observed amyloid plaques, astrocytosis and marked proliferation of microglial cells.
In 1998, Italy has been diagnosed with a case of simultaneous occurrence of sporadic CJD in a man and a new variant of the ESF in her cat, different from the observed cases in Britain.
The cat was 7 years old when he started to show symptoms such as frenzy, hyperesthesia, ataxia, locomotor dysfunction and was then deleted after a few months. Histological examination of the cat sull'encefalo showed the presence of gliosis in the cortex and cerebellar cortex and deep spongiosis also more localized neuronal nella corteccia. Grazie al Western Blot effettuato sia sul SNC del gatto sia su quello del suo proprietario è stato osservato che la forma di PrPsc presente in entrambi i soggetti non era quella attribuibile ad esposizione all’agente della BSE.
È stata quindi ipotizzata l’esistenza di un nuovo tipo di encefalopatia spongiforme felina la cui fonte di infezione ed il tipo di trasmissione non è chiaro. Lo studio della FSE, benché questa non costituisca un pericolo diretto per la salute pubblica, può contribuire ad una migliore comprensione delle malattie da prioni.
In quest’ottica è fondamentale che le caratteristiche epidemiologiche e patologiche di tutte le TSE animali vengano indagate a fondo e la knowledge of the possible presence and distribution of the ESF in Italy is important because it would serve as an appropriate assessment of BSE in our country. In this regard, the Ministry of Health has funded a research project lasting two years with the aim of identifying cases of feline spongiform encephalopathy in our country.
This project was carried out by the Reference Centre for the Study of Animal Encephalopathies Institute (IZS) of Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta (CEA) in collaboration with the IZS of Sardinia, the IZS Sicily, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Padova, Perugia and Pisa. During the period June 2003 - giugno 2005 sono stati inviati dalle varie Unità Operative (U.O.) al laboratorio di Neuropatologia del CEA 110 campioni di encefali di gatti nei quali era stata evidenziata una sintomatologia nervosa.
Presso le U.O. sono state eseguite le diagnosi differenziali sull’intero encefalo e la porzione di tronco encefalico è stata inviata al CEA per la conferma di FSE.
Gli animali in oggetto avevano un’età compresa tra 1 e 20 anni, erano di entrambi i sessi ed appartenevano in prevalenza alla razza europea comune.
Da un attento esame delle schede di accompagnamento campioni compilate dai veterinari si è appreso che i segni clinici riscontrati più frequentemente erano perdita di coordinazione, atassia, iperreattività agli stimoli uditivi e tattili, tremori, eccessiva salivazione e grooming diminuito.
Tutti i campioni sono stati sottoposti sia all’esame istologico con colorazione Ematossilina & Eosina sia all’esame immunoistochimico. Per l’esame immunoistochimico le sezioni di SNC sono state sottoposte dopo sparaffinatura e reidratazione, ad un pre-trattamento con acido formico al 98% ed autoclavaggio a 121 °C; successivamente sono state incubate a 4 °C con l’anticorpo anti-PrP L42, si è poi proceduto all’incubazione con avidina-biotina-perossidasi, alla reazione con il cromogeno 3-3’ diamminobenzidina (DAB) ed alla controcolorazione con Emallume di Mayer.
Dall’esame istologico dei campioni oggetto dello studio, non sono stati evidenziati segni riferibili a FSE, in realtà solo in due casi è stata osservata una spiccata vacuolizzazione a livello dei nuclei dell’obex che si è rivelata poi essere un’encefalopatia tossico-metabolica.
L’esame immunoistochimico per l’evidenziazione della PrPsc non ha mostrato alcun segno di positività, pertanto nessun caso di FSE è stato diagnosticato.
Le diagnosi differenziali effettuate presso le varie U.O. sono state classificate nei seguenti gruppi: neoplasie 22%, encefaliti granulomatose 15%, encefalopatie tossico-metaboliche 13%, lesioni degenerative 9%, encefaliti suppurative 5%, alterazioni di circolo 4%, Traumatic injuries of 4%, 3% nonsuppurative encephalitis. 20% of the animals showed no significant histological lesions and were therefore normal and 5% were not eligible. Tumors involving the meninges and were mainly represented by meningiomas, lymphomas, metastatic and rarely primary and metastatic tumors originally present in other organs. Meningiomas, in turn, were distinguished on the basis of histopathological appearance in psammoma type of meningioma and meningioma of transitional type. Among the group of granulomatous encephalitis, lesions were detected more frequently supported by the leptomeninges coronavirus (feline infectious peritonitis) seen in 16 subjects.
The toxic-metabolic encephalopathies
observed in 13% of the subjects included both hepatic encephalopathy and renal lesions between degenerative were considered a heterogeneous group of diseases including necrosis have been reported in the Horn of Ammon and thiamine deficiency .
in 5% of cases diagnosed as suppurative encephalitis were included in both bacterial and fungal infections, the disease most common in the group of non-suppurative inflammation was instead represented by Aujeszky's disease, observed in only two cats. Finally 5% of samples received in the laboratory were found to be unfit for the presence of autolytic phenomena that do not allow to make a correct diagnosis neuropatologica. Dai risultati ottenuti da questo progetto, nessun caso di FSE è stato confermato. Tale studio, tuttavia ha permesso di effettuare un monitoraggio tra l’altro mai svolto nel resto dell’Europa riguardante le malattie neuropatologiche del gatto.
Il progetto inoltre, è stato particolarmente utile ai fini di una conoscenza ad ampio spettro delle malattie da prioni ed ha consentito di approfondire importanti aspetti di altre affezioni nervose centrali che colpiscono questa specie.
Monday, February 15, 2010
Sunday, February 14, 2010
Scorpio Man How To Tell If
Proverbs and sayings
Fare i conti senza l'oste
Agire senza considerare le possibili difficoltà
È inutile piangere sul latte versato
È inutile lamentarsi/pentirsi after / for having done something to sleep on their laurels
Settling
Have an obsession
Have an obsession / fixation
Have your head in the clouds
be distracted
Click ears deaf
Pretend that nothing, not to listen
Being an open book for someone not to have secrets
looking for a needle in a haystack
is used when it is difficult or almost impossible to find anything
nit find any excuse
Search
be afraid of own shadow
Aver paura di tutto
Alzarsi con il piede sinistro
Essere di cattivo umore. Anche, incorrere in una serie di contrattempi
Avere un diavolo per capello
Essere particolarmente nervosi/arrabbiati
Gettare la spugna
Arrendersi
Conoscere qualcosa o qualcuno come le proprie tasche
Conoscere benissimo qualcosa o qualcuno
Non promettere mari e monti
Non fare promesse che non si possono mantenere
Mettere qualcuno in riga
Imporre la disciplina a qualcuno
Non tutte le ciambelle escono col buco
Things do not always succeed as you would like
devil's advocate
Supporting ideas and opinions contrary to those of others to demonstrate the inconsistency
Having the quicksilver on
Be very lively and restless
have wings to the feet
run very fast
be crazy like a horse
be completely crazy
a narrow escape
saved at the last minute, just in time
look like a beaten dog
look like a person who has been abused / harshly criticized
About Persistence wins
It 'important to persevere to achieve their objectives
Christmas with your family, Easter with whomever you want
Wives and oxen from your
better to marry a person of his country, because it is easier to understand
better alone than badly accompanied
It 'better to be alone rather than bad company
Better late than never
Finding America
find the place (or person) best ever
broaden their horizons broaden their opportunities
Rain wet
When a person continues to enrich the already rich
Remains of stone
be amazed by the desire to die ...
can not wait
wash their hands
caring, disinterested, not caring
not wait can not wait
Fare i conti senza l'oste
Agire senza considerare le possibili difficoltà
È inutile piangere sul latte versato
È inutile lamentarsi/pentirsi after / for having done something to sleep on their laurels
Settling
Have an obsession
Have an obsession / fixation
Have your head in the clouds
be distracted
Click ears deaf
Pretend that nothing, not to listen
Being an open book for someone not to have secrets
looking for a needle in a haystack
is used when it is difficult or almost impossible to find anything
nit find any excuse
Search
be afraid of own shadow
Aver paura di tutto
Alzarsi con il piede sinistro
Essere di cattivo umore. Anche, incorrere in una serie di contrattempi
Avere un diavolo per capello
Essere particolarmente nervosi/arrabbiati
Gettare la spugna
Arrendersi
Conoscere qualcosa o qualcuno come le proprie tasche
Conoscere benissimo qualcosa o qualcuno
Non promettere mari e monti
Non fare promesse che non si possono mantenere
Mettere qualcuno in riga
Imporre la disciplina a qualcuno
Non tutte le ciambelle escono col buco
Things do not always succeed as you would like
devil's advocate
Supporting ideas and opinions contrary to those of others to demonstrate the inconsistency
Having the quicksilver on
Be very lively and restless
have wings to the feet
run very fast
be crazy like a horse
be completely crazy
a narrow escape
saved at the last minute, just in time
look like a beaten dog
look like a person who has been abused / harshly criticized
About Persistence wins
It 'important to persevere to achieve their objectives
Christmas with your family, Easter with whomever you want
Wives and oxen from your
better to marry a person of his country, because it is easier to understand
better alone than badly accompanied
It 'better to be alone rather than bad company
Better late than never
Finding America
find the place (or person) best ever
broaden their horizons broaden their opportunities
Rain wet
When a person continues to enrich the already rich
Remains of stone
be amazed by the desire to die ...
can not wait
wash their hands
caring, disinterested, not caring
not wait can not wait
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